In our everyday meals, we rarely ask what happens to the planet while we consume a single plate of food. Research shows, however, that food supply and agriculture are responsible for nearly 60% of biodiversity loss and about 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions.1 Sustainable cooking and environmentally conscious eating are not just a passing trend, but an essential tool for future generations in the fight against climate change. This summary introduces the most important steps of sustainable gastronomy for high school students and educators, from the invisible water footprint to zero-waste school snacks, based on science yet in an easily digestible format.
An average person drinks 2-3 liters of water a day, but producing their daily food requirement directly and indirectly requires approximately 3000 liters of water.2 This hidden amount of water is called the water footprint, which shows how much freshwater was used during the production, processing, and transportation of a given food. The water footprint of animal-based foods is orders of magnitude higher than that of plant-based ingredients, as feeding and watering animals for years consumes a huge amount of resources.
The following table shows the average water footprint of some everyday foods, clearly illustrating the drastic difference between plant and animal-based diets 3:
| Food | Quantity | Water Footprint (liters) |
| Beef | 1 kg | 15 400 – 15 500 |
| Pork | 1 kg | 6 000 |
| Lentils | 1 kg | 5 000 |
| Chicken | 1 kg | 3 900 |
| Rice | 1 kg | 3 400 |
| Soybeans | 1 kg | 1 800 |
| Wheat | 1 kg | 1 300 – 1 700 |
| Potatoes | 1 kg | 280 – 290 |
| Tomatoes | 1 kg | 180 |
| Apple | 1 pc | 70 |
The data clearly shows that a single kilogram of lentils—an excellent and nutritious source of protein—requires a third of the water compared to the same amount of beef.3 Cultivating potatoes takes a fraction of the water needed for rice, so consciously choosing side dishes can immediately reduce your individual environmental impact.4
Did you know? The hidden cost of a steak and morning coffee
Although it sounds incredible, producing a single large portion of beef steak, including feeding the animals, hides the equivalent of almost 107 full bathtubs (about 140 liters per tub) of water.2 The case of coffee is equally surprising: growing and roasting coffee beans is so water-intensive that drinking a single cup of coffee actually means using 140 liters of invisible water.2
Another important metric of environmental awareness is the carbon footprint. In Hungary, the average carbon footprint per capita in 2022 was 6.35 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.8 A significant part of the domestic ecological footprint comes from the consumption of meat (29%), as well as milk and dairy products (24%).9
A common question among young people is whether baking at home or ordering delivery is the more sustainable choice for a popular food like pizza. Scientific life-cycle assessments have yielded surprising results. It turns out that over 80% of the environmental impact comes from the ingredients themselves.10 The carbon footprint of meat toppings (like prosciutto) on a pizza is almost twenty times higher than that of the flour used for the dough or the pizza box itself.10 Regarding technology, using a traditional home gas oven to bake a single pizza requires almost three times more energy than a wood-fired oven in a pizzeria, so the energy consumption of baking at home can actually be more significant than the emissions from delivery.10
Did you know? Packaging isn’t always the biggest enemy
Many people think that home-delivered, pre-portioned meal kits are extremely polluting due to the amount of plastic packaging. However, a university study refuted this: these meal kits are associated with 33% lower greenhouse gas emissions on average than if someone bought the same ingredients at the store.11 The reason is that due to gram-accurate portions, household food waste is reduced to almost zero. Throwing food away is much more harmful to the planet than the extra packaging material.11
One of the biggest obstacles to sustainable cooking is food waste. Globally, about 1.3 billion tons of food end up in the trash every year.12 According to 2023 data from the “Maradék nélkül” (Without Waste) program of the Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office (Nébih), an average Hungarian resident produces about 62 kg of food waste in their household annually.13 Although this is lower than the EU average, it still represents a massive amount of wasted energy, water, and human labor.14
Preventing waste starts with conscious planning. Writing a shopping list and accurately assessing the necessary quantities is the first step.15 Zero-waste cooking is becoming increasingly popular in modern kitchens, the essence of which is giving leftover ingredients a new form. Leftover Christmas meat soup can easily be turned into a rice-and-meat dish 17, while a slightly browned, overripe banana—which athletes also love to consume before training for a quick energy boost—can be a perfect and naturally sweet base for oatmeal or banana bread, saving the fruit from being thrown away.18
Packing snacks is an excellent opportunity for high school students to practice environmental awareness in their daily lives. Instead of disposable aluminum foil and plastic bags, using reusable food wraps (coated with beeswax or waterproof textiles) and washable snack bags offers a trendy and waste-free alternative.19 Using durable stainless steel water bottles also makes buying daily PET bottles unnecessary.
It is worth choosing seasonal, domestic vegetables and fruits for sandwiches and snack boxes. Consuming locally grown, seasonal plants is the diet with the smallest ecological footprint, as they do not require transportation over thousands of kilometers or heated greenhouses.20
The following table summarizes the most important domestic vegetables and fruits of the autumn and winter seasons, which are excellent sources of vitamins even in the colder months 22:
| Vegetables and Fruits (A-K) | Vegetables and Fruits (L-Z) |
| Apple, Quince | Pear, Medlar |
| Broccoli, Beetroot | Eggplant, Parsnip |
| Garlic, Peanut | Parsley, Leek |
| Fig, Ginger | Grape, Pumpkin |
| Cabbage, Kohlrabi | Red Cabbage, Red Onion |
| Cauliflower, Potato | Celery, Carrot |
Discovering farmers’ markets can be a great weekend program for young people, where these ingredients can be purchased packaging-free. In Budapest, there are increasingly more youth-friendly markets, such as the Czakó Termelői Piacz at the foot of Gellért Hill, or the Szimpla Háztáji Piac in Kazinczy Street, where conscious shopping becomes a true community experience.24
The topic of sustainable eating is not only a task for students at home but also an integral part of high school education. Curricula clearly encourage linking healthy eating and environmental protection in lessons.26
In biology classes, alongside understanding food webs and biodiversity, students can also conduct practical experiments, such as sprouting radishes, lentils, or wheat, which can enrich the students’ healthy snacks at the end of the process.28 In geography classes, the carbon emissions of global food supply chains and the concept of the water footprint perfectly illustrate the close cause-and-effect relationship between local decisions and global climate change.31
Project-based education, such as the lesson plans and worksheets available during the Sustainability Theme Week, provides an opportunity for students, mentored by their teachers, to research problems and find solutions themselves, even by making the school cafeteria menu more sustainable.28 Creatively introducing the topic of food waste in schools ensures that students are not merely passive recipients of the curriculum but become active shapers of an environmentally conscious lifestyle.35

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